小麦吸浆虫防治适期研究初报

选择不同杀虫剂、不同时期对小麦吸浆虫的防治效果试验表明，在秋季麦播前土壤处理，防效不理想；在吸浆虫蛹期、羽化高峰期防治虽能获得较好的防治效果，但需要专业技术人员掌握发育进度，不适合指导群防群治；而小麦抽穗露脸70％～80％时，正值吸浆虫产卵始盛期，此期防治能获得事半功倍的效果，这一物侯现象群众容易掌握。此前及此后羽化的成虫多为无效虫源。所以，把小麦抽穗露脸70％～80％作为吸浆虫的防治适期符合当前的生产现状。     

直纹稻苞虫虫源性质研究初报

国内有关文献均记载直纹稻苞虫以幼虫或卵、蛹在当地越冬.本研究通过两年对南阳市直纹稻苞虫初见雌成虫卵巢发育情况解剖分析和对当地发生情况系统调查表明本地每年始见雌成虫卵巢发育均在四级以上,且均已交配,末代幼虫在杂草上不能发育到蛹即死亡;越冬期多处调查未发现任何虫态;当地上、下两代幼虫发生数量悬殊;该虫成虫和稻纵卷时螟成虫有明显的同步发生现象.据此认为,河南南阳直纹稻苞虫每年初始虫源来自南方.     

Effect of dietary vanadium and vitamin C on egg quality and antioxidant status in laying hens

This study assessed the effect of dietary vanadium (V) and vitamin C (VC) on production performance, egg quality and antioxidant status in laying hens. A total of 360 laying hens (31‐week‐old) were randomly allotted into a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement treatments (four replicates and 10 chicks per replicate) with three levels of dietary V (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and three levels of vitamin C (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. The effect of V and VC did not alter egg production, egg weight, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio during 1–12 week. Albumen height and Haugh unit value were linearly decreased (p < 0.001) by addition of V, whereas the effect of 100 mg/kg VC was observed to counteract (p < 0.05) this effect in V‐containing treatments during 1–12 week. Hens fed V‐containing diet laid lighter (linear effect, p < 0.05) coloured eggs (higher lightness value, lower redness and yellowness value), and the VC exerted no influence on it during 1–12 week. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities, ability to inhibit hydroxyl radical, were significantly decreased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and V contents were increased (p < 0.05) by effect of V during 4, 8 and 12 week. The effect of VC alone and the interactive effect between VC and V were shown to increase serum (p < 0.05) SOD activity in 4 week and decrease MAD levels in 12 week. The result indicate that V decreased the egg quality and caused the oxidative stress at level of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, and the addition of 100 mg/kg vitamin C can alleviate its egg quality reduction effect and can mitigate the oxidative stress to some extent.     

Impact of fitting dominance and additive effects on accuracy of genomic prediction of breeding values in layers

Most genomic prediction studies fit only additive effects in models to estimate genomic breeding values (GEBV). However, if dominance genetic effects are an important source of variation for complex traits, accounting for them may improve the accuracy of GEBV. We investigated the effect of fitting dominance and additive effects on the accuracy of GEBV for eight egg production and quality traits in a purebred line of brown layers using pedigree or genomic information (42K single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel). Phenotypes were corrected for the effect of hatch date. Additive and dominance genetic variances were estimated using genomic‐based [genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP)‐REML and BayesC] and pedigree‐based (PBLUP‐REML) methods. Breeding values were predicted using a model that included both additive and dominance effects and a model that included only additive effects. The reference population consisted of approximately 1800 animals hatched between 2004 and 2009, while approximately 300 young animals hatched in 2010 were used for validation. Accuracy of prediction was computed as the correlation between phenotypes and estimated breeding values of the validation animals divided by the square root of the estimate of heritability in the whole population. The proportion of dominance variance to total phenotypic variance ranged from 0.03 to 0.22 with PBLUP‐REML across traits, from 0 to 0.03 with GBLUP‐REML and from 0.01 to 0.05 with BayesC. Accuracies of GEBV ranged from 0.28 to 0.60 across traits. Inclusion of dominance effects did not improve the accuracy of GEBV, and differences in their accuracies between genomic‐based methods were small (0.01–0.05), with GBLUP‐REML yielding higher prediction accuracies than BayesC for egg production, egg colour and yolk weight, while BayesC yielded higher accuracies than GBLUP‐REML for the other traits. In conclusion, fitting dominance effects did not impact accuracy of genomic prediction of breeding values in this population.     

芒颖大麦草种子休眠类型及破除方法的初步研究

以采集于甘肃省临泽县境内的芒颖大麦草(Hordeum jubatum)种子为材料,测定了种子的休眠率,并研究了去除种柄、预先冷冻、预先干热、硝酸钾(KNO_3)、赤霉素(GA3)、蒸馏水浸种和开水浸种7种处理方法破除休眠的效果。结果显示,参试种子的休眠率为73%~77%。预先冷冻、预先干热、KNO_3、GA3和蒸馏水浸种均能显著降低参试种子的休眠率(P0.05),但以预先冷冻和GA3溶液预湿发芽床两种处理的效果为最好。预先冷冻和GA3处理后种子的萌发率和萌发指数达到最大值,分别为92%、89%和39.80、42.99;平均萌发时间为最小值,分别为2.43和3.10d。去除种柄和开水浸种均未能有效破除种子休眠(P0.05)。综上分析认为,参试种子休眠属于轻度生理休眠。     

8个鸭茅品种（系）在渝西地区的品比试验

为了筛选出在渝西地区生态适应性强的鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)品种(系),本试验从物候期、生长状况、鲜草产量、干草产量、茎叶比、农艺性状和营养成分等方面连续两年对01472、79-9、02-116、01-103、金牛、阿索斯、宝兴、安巴8个品种(系)的鸭茅进行了综合评价。结果表明,所有材料均能适应渝西地区的自然环境条件;02-116生长速度最快,连续两年干草产量最高,分别可达15 914和17 031kg·hm~(-2),金牛茎叶比(干)最低,两年分别为0.26和0.24,营养价值最高。根据干草产量和营养价值综合评价得出,02-116和金牛表现出优于其它鸭茅品种(系)的潜力,适合在渝西地区推广种植。     

苜蓿、小麦、玉米经济效益比较

基于甘肃省5个样本县的调研数据,对农户苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)和玉米(Zea mays)种植的投入和产出、要素产出弹性和要素边际产出进行测算并比较。结果表明,苜蓿在三者中投入最少,玉米产出最高,而苜蓿产出最低;现阶段小麦和玉米处于规模报酬递减阶段而苜蓿处于规模报酬递增阶段,苜蓿产业有很大的上升空间;小麦和玉米各要素边际产量基本趋近于零,苜蓿种子投入和肥料投入的边际产量均远大于零,增加苜蓿种子和肥料投入可实现苜蓿增产。     

5种川西北沙化地草本植物生态适应策略的差异性

以5种川西北沙化草地自然留存植物沙生苔草(Carex praeclara)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、紫花列当(Orobanche coerulescens)、藏茴香(Carum carvi)和地八角(Astragalus bhotanensis)为研究对象,通过测定5种草地植物的表观性状、构件含水量和生物量及其分配,分析5种植物的生长发育、资源分配对沙化生境的响应差异,探讨5种植物对沙化地生境的应对策略与适应机理。结果表明,1)5种植物的表观性状具有极显著差异(P0.01),沙生苔草通过冠幅,赖草通过根茎,地八角通过深根系,紫花列当和藏茴香通过扩大有性生殖来适应沙化生境。2)5种植物的含水量及其配比均存在极显著差异(P0.01),沙生苔草、赖草和地八角的水分优先分配到生殖枝,紫花列当优先分配到茎叶,藏茴香则采用相对均衡的水分分配方式。3)5种植物的生物量及其分配也存在极显著差异(P0.01),沙生苔草生物量优先分配到根茎,赖草优先分配到地上茎叶,紫花列当优先分配到生殖枝,地八角优先分配到根部,而藏茴香则相对均衡的分配生物量到各构件。5种沙生植物对资源权衡分配的方式不同,但均能通过表型可塑性、水分利用能力和生物量分配等应对策略来获取或分配有限的可利用资源,增加其对生境的适应性,得以在沙化草地中留存下来。     

一种茶园小绿叶蝉抗药性快速检测方法的研究

茶小绿叶蝉具有虫体较小易隐蔽、行动活跃易逃脱、若虫脆弱易死亡等特点,导致室外捕虫工作量大、室内挑虫分装处理困难,是阻碍该虫抗药性研究进展缓慢的重要原因.通过采集叶蝉发生茶园嫩梢于室内水培、培育小绿叶蝉;通过调节改进的粉尘采样设备的不同采样流量收集叶蝉于带芽离心管;最后,通过联苯菊酯处理离心管内芽叶,测定管内小绿叶蝉的LC50值,校验方法的可行性.研究结果表明,田间虫口密度为1.538(头·梢-1)的茶园,室内水培7 d后可孵化出若虫至3.181(头·梢-1),收集室内叶蝉可减少室外采虫工作量.采用10 L·min-1的采虫流量,叶蝉收集速度快,且存活率为100%,改进的设备可简化挑虫难题.联苯菊酯对叶蝉的LC50为163.55 mg·L-1,毒力测定方法快速简便.     

In vivo activity of cefquinome against Riemerella anatipestifer using the pericarditis model in the duck

Cefquinome is a fourth‐generation cephalosporin with broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against enteric gram‐negative bacilli such as Riemerella anatipestifer. The pericarditis model was used to examine the pharmacodynamic characteristics of cefquinome against R. anatipestifer. Serum levels of cefquinome following the administration of different doses were determined by LC‐MS/MS. Ducks with ca. 10⁶ CFU/mL at the initiation of therapy were treated with cefquinome at doses that ranged from 0.0156 to 2 mg/kg of body weight/day (in 3, 6, 12, or 24 divided doses) for 24 h. The percentage of a 24‐h dosing interval that the unbound serum cefquinome concentrations exceeded the MIC (fT > MIC) were the pharmacokinetic (PK)–pharmacodynamic (PD) parameter that best correlated with efficacy (R² 86.3% for R. anatipestifer, compared with 58.9% for the area under the concentration–time curve/MIC and 10.6% for peak/MIC). A sigmoid E_max model was used to estimate the magnitudes of the %fT > MIC associated with net bacterial stasis, a 1‐log₁₀ CFU reduction from baseline, and a 2‐log₁₀ CFU reduction from baseline; the corresponding values were (22.5 ± 1.3) %, (35.2 ± 4.5) %, and (42.4 ± 2.7) %. These data showed that treatment with cefquinome results in marked antibacterial effects in qvivo against R. anatipestifer and that the host's immunity may also play a key role in the anti‐infective therapy process.